Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Pipeline Transport shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Pipeline Transport offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Pipeline Transport at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Pipeline Transport? Wrong! If the Pipeline Transport is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Pipeline Transport then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Pipeline Transport? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Pipeline Transport and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Pipeline Transport wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Pipeline Transport then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Pipeline Transport site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Pipeline Transport, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Pipeline Transport, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
.
Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a Pipe (material). Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore
sewage, slurry,
water, or even beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most important are those transporting
Petroleum and natural gas. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs"). Pipeline cleaners are also known as "Go-devils"
Oil and natural gas pipelines
launcher/receiver, belonging to the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland.There is some argument as to when the first real oil pipeline was constructed. Some say pipeline transport was pioneered by Vladimir Shukhov and the Branobel company in the late 19th century. Others say oil pipelines originated when the Oil Transport Association first constructed a 2-inch wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile track from an oil field to Pennsylvania to a rail road station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. No matter, piplines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of Petroleum or
natural gas over land. Compared to railroad, they have lower cost per unit and also higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built even under the sea, that process is both economically and technically very demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by Tanker (ship) ships.
Oil pipelines are made from steel or plastic tubes with inner diameter from 30 to 120 cm (about 12 to 47
inches). Where possible, they are built above the surface. However, in more developed, urban, environmentally sensitive or potentially dangerous areas they are buried underground at a typical depth of about 1.3 - 1.6 metres (about 3
foot (unit of length)). The oil is kept in motion by a system of
pump stations built along the pipeline and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing
wiktionary:interface. This interface is removed from the pipeline at receiving facilities and segregated to prevent contamination.
Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or
paraffin, and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. To clear wax deposition, Pipeline inspection gauge may be sent along the line periodically.
For natural gas, smaller feeder lines are used to distribute the fuel to homes and businesses downstream of larger transportation pipelines, similarly constructed of carbon steel and varying in size from 12 inches in diameter to 48 inches in diameter. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations spaced approximately every 70–100 miles and is odorless unless mixed with a Thiol where identified by the proper regulating body.
In the U.S. pipelines are regulated by the
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); offshore pipelines are regulated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS). In Canada pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada/US border, by the National Energy Board (NEB).Government regulations in Canada and the United States require that buried fuel pipelines must be protected from corrosion. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline
Industrial coating in conjunction with
cathodic protection and technology to monitor the pipeline. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option; the coating is the only external protection.
Accidents
Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material such as natural gas or oil pose special safety concerns.
For a more complete list see Pipeline accidents
- June 4, 1989 - Ufa train disasters detonated gas leaking from an Liquefied petroleum gas pipeline near Ufa, Russia. Up to 645 people were reported killed.
- October 17, 1998 - at Jesse, Nigeria in the Oil Rivers in Nigeria, a petroleum pipeline exploded killing about 1,200 villagers, some of whom were scavenging gasoline - the worst of several similar incidents in this country.
- June 10, 1999 - a pipeline rupture in a Bellingham, Washington park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. The gasoline was ignited, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult.
- August 19, 2000 - natural gas pipeline rupture and fire near Carlsbad, New Mexico this explosion and fire killed 12 members of the same family. The cause was due to severe internal corrosion of the pipeline.
- July 30, 2004 - a major natural gas pipeline exploded in Ghislenghien, Belgium near Ath (thirty kilometres southwest of Brussels), killing at least 23 people and leaving 122 wounded, some critically. (CNN) (Expatica)
- May 12, 2006 - an oil pipeline ruptured outside Lagos, Nigeria. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See Nigeria oil blast.
Some oil/gas pipelines
Map of pipelines in Europe:
Some oil/gas pipeline companies
Leak Detection Systems
Since oil and gas pipelines represent one of the most important assets for the economic and social development of a country, it is necessary to build advanced applications to protect these assets as well as the environment and population that these pipelines run across.
Different types of technologies have been implemented, from walking the lines every so often up to satellite surveillance. However the most common technology to protect these lines from occasional leaks is know as Computational Pipeline Monitoring Systems or CPM. CPM takes information from the field related to pressure, flow and temperature to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Once the estimation is done, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak incident. These CPM systems are the foundation to ensure the operational security of these pipelines.
Biobutanol
- Biobutanol can be transported using existing pipelines.
Pipelines for other liquids
Water pipelines
in Antelope Valley.
Two millennia ago the
Roman Empire made use of large
aqueducts to transport water from higher altitudes by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed
gravity to simply push the rushing water along until it reached its intended destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with
flour mills were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The History of China also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The infamous
Han Dynasty court eunuch
Zhang Rang (d. 189 AD) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet
chain pumps outside the capital city of
Luoyang.Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Page 33. These chain pumps serviced the imperial palaces and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps were brought in by a stoneware
pipe system.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345-346.
Pipelines are useful for
water transportation for drinking water or irrigation over long distances when it needs to move over hills, or where
canals or
channel (geography) are poor choices due to considerations of
evaporation,
pollution, or environmental impact.
The 530km(360 mile) Goldfields Water Supply Scheme in
Western Australia using 760mm(30inch) and completed in 1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time. Mephan Ferguson Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version) The Forrest family
Dynasties, ABC. Retrieved 17 September 2006.
Example significant water pipelines in South Australia are the
Morgan, South Australia-
Whyalla, South Australia (completed
1944) and
Mannum, South Australia-Adelaide (completed 1955) pipelines.
There are two Los Angeles, California, California aqueducts, the
Los Angeles Aqueduct (completed
1913) and the
Second Los Angeles Aqueduct (completed 1970) which also include extensive use of pipelines.
Beverage pipelines
Brine pipelines
The town of
Hallstatt in
Austria claims to contain "the oldest industrial pipeline in the world", dating back to 1595. It was constructed from 13,000 trunks to transport the saline solution for 40 kilometers from Hallstatt to
Ebensee.See the article
Hallstatt for details and references.
Beer pipelines
Bars in the
Veltins-Arena, a major
football (soccer) ground in
Gelsenkirchen, Germany, are interconnected by a 5
kilometre long beer pipeline. It is the favourite method for distributing beer in such large stadiums, because the bars have to overcome big differences between demands during various stages of a match; this allows them to be supplied by a central tank.
Pipelines as targets
Pipelines can be the target of
vandalism,
sabotage, or even
terrorist attacks. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy
logistics. Leaky tubes can cause mass floods in places that have been affected around the globe that are short of water. Such as the Tehran incident
See also
References
Oil and Gas Pipelines in NonTechnical Language, T. Miesner and W. Leffler, PennWell Corporation, 2006. Purchase from this link
External links
- Pneumatic Conveying Design
- Westminster International Pipeline Protection Systems
.
Pipeline transport is a transportation of goods through a
Pipe (material). Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but
pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air have also been used.
As for gases and liquids, any chemically stable substance can be sent through a pipeline. Therefore
sewage, slurry,
water, or even
beer pipelines exist; but arguably the most important are those transporting
Petroleum and natural gas. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using
pipeline inspection gauges ("pigs"). Pipeline cleaners are also known as "Go-devils"
Oil and natural gas pipelines
launcher/receiver, belonging to the natural gas pipeline in Switzerland.There is some argument as to when the first real oil pipeline was constructed. Some say pipeline transport was pioneered by Vladimir Shukhov and the
Branobel company in the late 19th century. Others say oil pipelines originated when the Oil Transport Association first constructed a 2-inch wrought iron pipeline over a 6-mile track from an oil field to Pennsylvania to a rail road station in Oil Creek, in the 1860s. No matter, piplines are generally the most economical way to transport large quantities of Petroleum or natural gas over land. Compared to
railroad, they have lower cost per unit and also higher capacity. Although pipelines can be built even under the sea, that process is both economically and technically very demanding, so the majority of oil at sea is transported by
Tanker (ship) ships.
Oil pipelines are made from
steel or
plastic tubes with inner diameter from 30 to 120 cm (about 12 to 47 inches). Where possible, they are built above the surface. However, in more developed, urban, environmentally sensitive or potentially dangerous areas they are buried underground at a typical depth of about 1.3 - 1.6 metres (about 3
foot (unit of length)). The oil is kept in motion by a system of
pump stations built along the pipeline and usually flows at speed of about 1 to 6 m/s. Multi-product pipelines are used to transport two or more different products in sequence in the same pipeline. Usually in multi-product pipelines there is no physical separation between the different products. Some mixing of adjacent products occurs, producing
wiktionary:interface. This interface is removed from the pipeline at receiving facilities and segregated to prevent contamination.
Crude oil contains varying amounts of wax, or paraffin, and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. To clear wax deposition,
Pipeline inspection gauge may be sent along the line periodically.
For natural gas, smaller feeder lines are used to distribute the fuel to homes and businesses downstream of larger transportation pipelines, similarly constructed of carbon steel and varying in size from 12 inches in diameter to 48 inches in diameter. The gas is pressurized by compressor stations spaced approximately every 70–100 miles and is odorless unless mixed with a
Thiol where identified by the proper regulating body.
In the U.S. pipelines are regulated by the
Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA); offshore pipelines are regulated by the Minerals Management Service (MMS). In Canada pipelines are regulated by either the provincial regulators or, if they cross provincial boundaries or the Canada/US border, by the National Energy Board (NEB).Government regulations in Canada and the United States require that buried fuel pipelines must be protected from
corrosion. Often, the most economical method of corrosion control is by use of pipeline Industrial coating in conjunction with
cathodic protection and technology to monitor the pipeline. Above ground, cathodic protection is not an option; the coating is the only external protection.
Accidents
Pipelines conveying flammable or explosive material such as natural gas or oil pose special safety concerns.
For a more complete list see Pipeline accidents
- June 4, 1989 - Ufa train disasters detonated gas leaking from an Liquefied petroleum gas pipeline near Ufa, Russia. Up to 645 people were reported killed.
- October 17, 1998 - at Jesse, Nigeria in the Oil Rivers in Nigeria, a petroleum pipeline exploded killing about 1,200 villagers, some of whom were scavenging gasoline - the worst of several similar incidents in this country.
- June 10, 1999 - a pipeline rupture in a Bellingham, Washington park led to the release of 277,200 gallons of gasoline. The gasoline was ignited, causing an explosion that killed two children and one adult.
- August 19, 2000 - natural gas pipeline rupture and fire near Carlsbad, New Mexico this explosion and fire killed 12 members of the same family. The cause was due to severe internal corrosion of the pipeline.
- July 30, 2004 - a major natural gas pipeline exploded in Ghislenghien, Belgium near Ath (thirty kilometres southwest of Brussels), killing at least 23 people and leaving 122 wounded, some critically. (CNN) (Expatica)
- May 12, 2006 - an oil pipeline ruptured outside Lagos, Nigeria. Up to 200 people may have been killed. See Nigeria oil blast.
Some oil/gas pipelines
Map of pipelines in Europe:
Some oil/gas pipeline companies
Leak Detection Systems
Since oil and gas pipelines represent one of the most important assets for the economic and social development of a country, it is necessary to build advanced applications to protect these assets as well as the environment and population that these pipelines run across.
Different types of technologies have been implemented, from walking the lines every so often up to satellite surveillance. However the most common technology to protect these lines from occasional leaks is know as Computational Pipeline Monitoring Systems or CPM. CPM takes information from the field related to pressure, flow and temperature to estimate the hydraulic behavior of the product being transported. Once the estimation is done, the results are compared to other field references to detect the presence of an anomaly or unexpected situation, which may be related to a leak incident. These CPM systems are the foundation to ensure the operational security of these pipelines.
Biobutanol
- Biobutanol can be transported using existing pipelines.
Pipelines for other liquids
Water pipelines
in
Antelope Valley.
Two millennia ago the Roman Empire made use of large
aqueducts to transport water from higher altitudes by building the aqueducts in graduated segments that allowed gravity to simply push the rushing water along until it reached its intended destination. Hundreds of these were built throughout Europe and elsewhere, and along with flour mills were considered the lifeline of the Roman Empire. The History of China also made use of channels and pipe systems for public works. The infamous Han Dynasty court
eunuch Zhang Rang (d. 189 AD) once ordered the engineer Bi Lan to construct a series of square-pallet
chain pumps outside the capital city of Luoyang.Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Page 33. These chain pumps serviced the imperial
palaces and living quarters of the capital city as the water lifted by the chain pumps were brought in by a stoneware pipe system.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 345-346.
Pipelines are useful for water transportation for
drinking water or
irrigation over long distances when it needs to move over
hills, or where canals or channel (geography) are poor choices due to considerations of
evaporation,
pollution, or environmental impact.
The 530km(360 mile)
Goldfields Water Supply Scheme in
Western Australia using 760mm(30inch) and completed in
1903 was the largest water supply scheme of its time. Mephan Ferguson Australian Dictionary of Biography(online version) The Forrest family
Dynasties, ABC. Retrieved
17 September 2006.
Example significant water pipelines in South Australia are the Morgan, South Australia-Whyalla, South Australia (completed 1944) and
Mannum, South Australia-
Adelaide (completed
1955) pipelines.
There are two Los Angeles, California, California aqueducts, the
Los Angeles Aqueduct (completed 1913) and the
Second Los Angeles Aqueduct (completed 1970) which also include extensive use of pipelines.
Beverage pipelines
Brine pipelines
The town of
Hallstatt in
Austria claims to contain "the oldest industrial pipeline in the world", dating back to 1595. It was constructed from 13,000 trunks to transport the saline solution for 40 kilometers from Hallstatt to
Ebensee.See the article Hallstatt for details and references.
Beer pipelines
Bars in the Veltins-Arena, a major football (soccer) ground in
Gelsenkirchen,
Germany, are interconnected by a 5
kilometre long beer pipeline. It is the favourite method for distributing beer in such large stadiums, because the bars have to overcome big differences between demands during various stages of a match; this allows them to be supplied by a central tank.
Pipelines as targets
Pipelines can be the target of vandalism, sabotage, or even
terrorist attacks. In war, pipelines are often the target of military attacks, as destruction of pipelines can seriously disrupt enemy logistics. Leaky tubes can cause mass floods in places that have been affected around the globe that are short of water. Such as the
Tehran incident
See also
References
Oil and Gas Pipelines in NonTechnical Language, T. Miesner and W. Leffler, PennWell Corporation, 2006. Purchase from this link
External links
- Pneumatic Conveying Design
- Westminster International Pipeline Protection Systems
Pipeline transport - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. Most commonly, liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes that transport solid capsules using compressed air ...
Pipeline transport - Wikimedia Commons
This page was last modified on 1 October 2008, at 10:16. Text is available under GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation ...
Pipeline Transport
Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage Containment solutions to complement emissions reduction strategies
Home
Specializing in Local & Out of Town Hot Shot Deliveries Pipeline Transport, Inc is a family owned and operated transportation company specializing in local and out of town hot shot ...
Pipeline Transport - Weir Minerals Division
Our Mission : - to be the preferred supplier of slurry pumps and slurry handling equipment by providing the lowest ownership cost for customers worldwide
Skyline: Pipeline Transport
Welcome to World SkyCat Ltd., suppliers and operators of the revolutionary new SkyCat family of air vehicles.
Pipeline - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Pipeline may refer to: Classic RISC pipeline, a five stage hardware based computer instruction set. Pipeline transport, a conduit made from pipes connected end-to-end for long ...
CCSA - Transport & Pipelines
Pipeline Transport Solution . Carbon dioxide is already transported for commercial purposes by road tanker, by ship and by pipeline. Although each of these methods is ...
Transport
Pipeline Transport; Ship Transport; CO 2 can also be transported by tanker trucks although this would not be feasible for large quantities. © SCCS Consortium --- Last modified: 24 Oct ...
BHR Group Conferences - international conferences and publications in ...
Welcome to our website, where you can find details of our Conferences, Training Courses and Books. The latter includes past conference proceedings ...
